Warning – lots of words, no photos and lots of boring historical details.
The medallion in the header picture is quite small in real life, about an inch across, but it caught my eye when sifting through a junk box looking for items to fill my 20th Century Medallion Collection. The aim of that collection is to document the century by selecting 101 medallions to demonstrate aspects of history.
It is aluminium, shiny and the portrait is based on a silver penny of the time. And it was, of course, reasonably priced. One of the advantages of this collection is that I can revert to childhood and collect cheap things that catch my eye. I really bought it to fit 1965 – the 900th anniversary of Westminster Abbey (as pictured on the reverse). However, I ended up searching a story about 1066, which turned out to be more interesting.
You may have heard of the Year of the Three Kings, which is a favourite event for modern manufacturers of commemoratives. There are far more modern medallions to commemorate it than there were contemporary ones. I can only think of one contemporary set of three medallions, but have listed at least half a dozen modern examples, even one in gold. The three Kings are George V (died 20th January 1936), Edward VIII (abdicated 11th December 1936) and George VI became King. It was a close run thing – if George had died three weeks sooner or Edward had held out three weeks longer. However, it isn’t the only time we have had more than two Kings in a year.
Go back to 1483 . . .
No, not our most notable of years, It’s mainly famous for being two years before the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. But in 1483 we had three Kings – Edward IV, Edward V and Richard III. It went like this – Edward IV died, his infant son Edward V became King, and then Richard, brother of Edward IV and uncle of Edward V seized power. Richard became King Richard III and Edward V, who was declared illegitimate by a vote of parliament (his parents being married bigamously) became one of the Princes in the Tower. Richard, of course, only lasted until 1485. Politics was a tough business back then.
And then there’s 1066.
Edward the Confessor (they had much more interesting names for Kings in those days) died on 5th January 1066. This is in the current style of dating, which starts the year on 1st January. In the old method, the new year started on 25th March (Lady Day).
The succession of Kings in 1066 was more an art than a science, and his heir, his great nephew Edgar the Atheling, was considered too young to be King in these troubled times, so the Kingship was offered to the King’s brother-in-law Harold Godwinson. This was really just a recognition of reality, as Harold would probably have taken the throne anyway. He is the second King.
The third is, according to some sources, Harold Hardrada of Norway, who landed in the Tyne late in the year, and defeated an English Army on 20th September at Fulford near York. His success didn’t last long as Harold Godwinson’s army arrived on 25th after a hard forced march, and defeated the invaders at Stamford Bridge. Harold Hardrada was killed in the battle, which brought an end to invasion, and is often seen as the end of the Viking Age.
That’s three kings. Harold marched south again and, with an army of exhausted men, faced the Normans at Hastings on 14th October. Sports stars in these effete days, complain of exhaustion if they feel they are being asked to hit too many tennis balls. In 1066 they marched North, defeated a Viking army, marched back and had a crack at the Normans. It was a complicated series of decisions, and it led to the loss at Hastings, a battle that could have been won if Harold had shown more patience. As it was, Harold died, possibly from an arrow to the eye as the legend has it, but probably not.
Kings in those days were more than mere figureheads, as the attrition rate shows.
That left the Saxons with a decisions to make and they decided that they would now accept Edgar the Atheling as King, as they were rapidly running out of choices. However, his support melted away and William was eventually crowned on 25th December. Edgar drifted around, interfering in politics until he died, probably around 1125.
And that is how William the Conqueror became the 5th King of 1066.
Shortage of suitable pictures today, so I stuck with just the header picture.